International Outsourcing in China and India: A Sectoral Comparison Using Input-Output Analysis MIEDZYNARODOWY OUTSOURCING W CHINACH I INDIACH: PORÓWNANIE SEKTOROWE Z WYKORZYSTANIEM ANALIZY PRZEPLYWÓW MIEDZYGALEZIOWYCH

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Nas Ş., CENGİZ O., Demir Ö.

Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne, cilt.19, sa.1, ss.22-41, 2026 (Scopus)

Özet

Subject and purpose of work: This study examines the extent of international outsourcing in China and India across the total economy and selected sectors, including industry, agriculture, manufacturing, services, and technology. Materials and methods: The analysis uses Input-Output Tables from the OECD database for the years 1995, 2008, 2009, and 2018, applying established outsourcing indices to measure import dependency at sectoral and technological levels. Results: Results indicate that outsourcing in India increased steadily until 2008/2009, while in China it followed a more fluctuating pattern. In both countries, outsourcing intensity is highest in the manufacturing sector. Technological classification reveals that China relies more on high-tech sectors, whereas India shows higher dependency in medium-high-tech and mediumlow-tech sectors. The findings also suggest that during periods of economic crisis, outsourcing dependency may expose production processes to vulnerabilities. Conclusions: The study contributes to the literature by providing a comparative sectoral and technological assessment of international outsourcing in China and India using Input-Output data.