Plastic production soared to 400 million tons globally in 2022, resulting in an extensive and inadequately managed influx of plastic waste into the environment. A substantial portion of plastic waste transforms into microplastics (MPs), measuring less than 5 mm, through processes like photodegradation and mechanical wear. These MPs, originating from textiles, tires, cosmetics, and manufacturing, contribute significantly to terrestrial and aquatic pollution. While marine environments have been extensively studied, recent attention has shifted to terrestrial systems, revealing MP contamination 4–23 times higher in soils than in oceans. The soil ecosystem, crucial for sustaining human life, faces contamination risks impacting agriculture and food security. The chapter uniquely explores the comprehensive impact of MPs on agriculture, crops, and the food production process, emphasizing the distinct challenges posed by MPs in agricultural soils. In agricultural environments, MPs influence crop production efficiency, plant and animal health, and subsequently, human consumers. The dimensions of MP particles facilitate their transfer across eco-environments, causing disturbances in soil characteristics, plant roots, nutrient absorption, seedling size, gene expression, and accumulation in tissues. Furthermore, MPs pose a serious risk in aquatic environments, affecting organisms through ingestion and entanglement, with implications for seafood safety and human health. The chapter stands out for its emphasis on MPs' journey from terrestrial and aquatic environments to the final consumer product, connecting the dots in the food production chain. In conclusion, addressing the global microplastic problem necessitates a multifaceted approach, including enhanced waste management, sustainable agricultural practices, and regulatory measures to safeguard both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and ensure food safety.