Toda & Yamamoto Causality Analysis Between Tourism Arrivals, Health Expenditure, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence From Poland
International Handbook of Sustainable Tourism Economy: Theories, Practices and Applications, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, ss.3-18, 2026
- Yayın Türü: Kitapta Bölüm / Araştırma Kitabı
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1108/978-1-80686-627-420261001
- Yayınevi: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.3-18
- Anahtar Kelimeler: CO2 emissions, economic growth, environmental degradation, health expenditure, Toda & Yamamoto causality, Tourism
- Çukurova Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study investigates the causal relationship between tourism arrivals, health expenditure (HE), economic growth (EG), and CO2 emissions in Poland through annual data covering 1995–2022. The authors perform the Toda & Yamamoto causality test to explore the causal relationship between variables. The empirical findings show a feedback causal relationship between HE and CO2 emissions, tourism arrivals and CO2 emissions, tourism arrivals and EG, and EG and CO2 emissions, and one-way from tourism arrivals and EG to HE in Poland. These findings may suggest that along with tourism arrivals, environmental degradation causes an increase in HE.