Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Journal of Environmental Management, cilt.401, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Identifying effective policy combinations to combat environmental issues is critical to achieving Sustainable Development Goals. This study examines the nexus between environmental sustainability and 4G policies—green growth, green taxation, green innovation, and green energy—in G7 countries for the period 1994–2021. Three different panel data models were estimated using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. During estimation, potential interactions between policies were accounted for because of the methodological characteristics of AMG. The models used the load capacity factor (LCF) as the dependent variable to represent environmental sustainability, the ecological footprint (EFP) and CO2 emissions to represent environmental degradation. Panel-level findings on green tax and green energy coefficients indicate that these policies support environmental sustainability and reduce environmental degradation. However, it has been determined that the coefficients for green growth and green innovation policies are not statistically significant at the panel level. Overall, the findings reveal that green taxes and green energy policies play a complementary role in promoting environmental sustainability, while green growth and green innovation policies have more limited and context-specific effects. These results indicate that policymakers should prioritize the integration of green tax and green energy policies in sustainable development strategies.