Microplastic contamination of packaged spirulina products

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Tutaroğlu S., Uslu L., Gündoğdu S.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, cilt.30, ss.1-13, 2024 (SCI-Expanded)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 30
  • Basım Tarihi: 2024
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11356-023-31130-2
  • Dergi Adı: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, IBZ Online, ABI/INFORM, Aerospace Database, Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Aqualine, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE, Environment Index, Geobase, MEDLINE, Pollution Abstracts, Veterinary Science Database, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-13
  • Çukurova Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Microplastic (MP) contamination in commercially sold spirulina products has not been previously investigated. In this study, 29 spirulina samples in various packaging types were purchased from diferent brands and origins to assess the presence of MPs. Microplastic analysis was conducted using microscopic and μ-Raman techniques. To ascertain whether the content is indeed spirulina and make a comparison with the MP level, C-Phycocyanin levels were also analyzed. A total of 251 MP-like particles were observed. Out of the 29 examined packaged spirulina brands, 26 showed potential MPs upon visual inspection, with 35 particles confrmed as MPs (73% of the analyzed particles). The mean abundance of MPs was estimated at 13.77±2.45 MPs/100 g dw. Powdered spirulina had a higher but not statistically signifcant MP abundance (17.34±4.22 MPs/100 g dw) compared to capsule/tablet forms (10.43±2.45 MPs/100 g dw). Fragments accounted for 38.3% while fbers constituted 61.7% of the identifed MPs, with sizes ranging from 0.07 to 2.15 mm for fragments and 0.19 to 5.691 mm for fbers. The color distribution of MPs in spirulina samples was predominantly blue (52.8%), followed by black (25.4%), white (10.9%), and others (10.9%). Ten synthetic polymers and cellulose were identifed through μ-Raman analysis, with polypropylene (31.6%) and polystyrene (8.3%) being the most prevalent. The correlation between C-Phycocyanin and MPs concentrations, was not found statistically signifcant. The abundance and composition of MPs were found to be infuenced by packaging and processing stages. Identifying potential sources of MPs in spirulina products and evaluating their risks to human health is crucial.