Pogostemon cablin essential oil-loaded nanoemulgels for wound healing: From nanoformulation development to functional evaluation in a scar-adjacent primary-closure model
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, cilt.127, 2027 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 127
- Basım Tarihi: 2027
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.jddst.2026.109029
- Dergi Adı: Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, EMBASE
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Chitosan, Nanoemulgel, Nanoemulsion, Patchouli essential oil, Pogostemon cablin, Wound breaking strength, Wound healing
- Çukurova Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) essential oil (EO) has anti-inflammatory and bioactive properties relevant to wound healing, but its topical performance depends strongly on formulation and concentration. In this study, P. cablin EO-loaded nanoemulsions and chitosan nanoemulgels were developed, characterized, and evaluated for cytocompatibility and wound-healing performance in a scar-adjacent primary-closure wound model. GC–MS analysis identified 17 constituents accounting for approximately 100% of the essential oil composition, with patchouli alcohol (24.10%), β-pinene (22.52%), acetophenone (18.72%), and E-nerolidol (13.98%) as the major constituents. Nanoemulsions containing 2.5% and 5% (w/w) EO were prepared with a selected surfactant/cosurfactant system and incorporated into chitosan nanoemulgels. The formulations showed nanoscale droplet size, skin-compatible pH, and rheology suitable for topical application. After 24 h exposure, MTT assays in L-929 fibroblasts showed favorable in vitro cytocompatibility, with viability remaining approximately 80% or higher across the tested concentrations. In vivo , the 2.5% EO nanoemulgel maintained wound integrity in all animals, with numerically greater wound breaking strength than control and blank nanoemulgel, although this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the 5% EO nanoemulgel produced the greatest reduction in tissue IL-6 but showed the highest incidence of dehiscence (2/5 vs. 1/25 in the remaining groups combined), a difference that did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.064). MMP-1, TIMP-1, and VEGF also differed significantly among groups, whereas TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β2, and hydroxyproline did not. Histopathology supported progressive epithelial and dermal repair, though sectioning availability limited the analysis. Collectively, these findings suggest that higher P. cablin EO concentration does not necessarily improve functional healing, and stronger biomarker modulation may not translate into superior tissue repair. The 2.5% formulation offered the most balanced profile, based mainly on preserved wound integrity and moderate IL-6 modulation rather than a statistically demonstrated gain in mechanical strength, supporting further investigation as a topical wound-management nanoemulgel.